As we approach the one-year mark since the emergence of COVID-19, numerous questions remain unanswered regarding this complex virus. We still lack clarity on why some individuals are asymptomatic while others require hospitalization. Research continues into the role of antibodies and T-cells, and the quest for an effective vaccine and treatment options persists.
A significant area of focus is on COVID “long haulers”—those who, after being infected, continue to experience symptoms weeks or even months later. We spoke with Dr. Chloe Bennett, a specialist in pulmonary rehabilitation, to shed light on what we know about these individuals and the ongoing mysteries surrounding their condition.
Currently, there are no specific characteristics that define long COVID aside from the persistent illness. Dr. Bennett notes, “The variability of symptoms from person to person—and even within the same individual—makes it challenging to categorize long haulers.” Most patients share the commonality of symptoms that simply refuse to subside. Some of Dr. Bennett’s patients have been dealing with lingering effects since early 2020.
Interestingly, the severity of the initial COVID infection does not determine who becomes a long hauler. Dr. Bennett treats patients with a spectrum of experiences: some who had severe cases but recovered without lasting effects, others who initially had mild symptoms that worsened, and some who developed new symptoms as time progressed.
More than 100 different symptoms have been associated with long COVID. Surveys indicate that these symptoms can affect various bodily systems, including cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurological functions. Among the most impactful symptoms identified in Dr. Bennett’s practice are:
- Extreme fatigue
- Difficulty concentrating
- Dizziness due to blood pressure fluctuations
- Chest pain or pressure
- Rapid heartbeat
- Shortness of breath, whether at rest or during exercise
- Muscle aches
- Exercise intolerance
Take the case of Sarah from Denver, a participant in Dr. Bennett’s rehabilitation program. Before contracting COVID, Sarah was active, frequently using her home gym. Now, even a short walk leaves her breathless and utterly fatigued for the rest of the day. Fortunately, she is gradually regaining strength through Dr. Bennett’s program.
Another concerning issue is autonomic dysfunction, where the nervous system is disrupted, leading to symptoms like seizures, tingling, and tremors. Since her infection, Sarah has experienced a variety of symptoms, including unusual sensations and headaches, which her doctors believe stem from inflammation in the nervous system.
Most of Dr. Bennett’s patients are women in their 30s, 40s, or 50s. This contrasts with the typical COVID demographic, where older individuals are more susceptible to severe illness. The average age of a long COVID patient is around 43, and a significant majority of them are women.
The exact cause of long COVID symptoms remains elusive. Dr. Bennett emphasizes that it appears to be an inflammatory condition, but researchers are still investigating whether these symptoms are a result of the virus itself or the immune response it triggers.
It is also worth noting that many patients, like Sarah, have normal test results despite experiencing debilitating symptoms, highlighting the need for more effective diagnostic tools. Given that COVID-19 presents unique challenges, medical professionals are still developing the best approaches to manage these cases.
Despite the uncertainties, there is a growing sense of hope. Long COVID is now widely acknowledged, allowing affected individuals to access resources and support. Dr. Bennett has observed many patients on the path to recovery, albeit gradually. Continued adherence to safety measures—social distancing, hand hygiene, and mask-wearing—is crucial as we navigate this evolving situation.
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In summary, ongoing research into long COVID reveals a complex tapestry of symptoms and experiences, predominantly affecting younger women. As medical professionals work toward better diagnostics and treatment options, hope remains for those seeking recovery.